Iron plays a critical role in how our bodies function. It’s the main ingredient that helps red blood cells carry oxygen throughout the body, fueling everything from brain activity to immune response.
When people don’t get enough iron from their diet, it can lead to iron deficiency anemia, which is a condition that causes fatigue, weakness, increased risk of infection, and, in children, delayed growth and cognitive development.
Despite being largely preventable, iron deficiency remains one of the most common and widespread nutrient problems worldwide(1).
Babies, young children, and pregnant individuals are especially vulnerable to iron deficiency because their bodies need more iron to grow or support fetal development(2).
When iron intake is inadequate, the consequences can be serious including impaired brain development in infants, weakened immune systems, and increased risk of premature birth or low birth weight(3).
Although iron-rich foods and supplements are available, millions of people still don’t get enough. The reasons are complex, but poverty, limited access to nutritious food, and gaps in public health infrastructure play a major role.
Previous studies tended to group all causes of anemia together, without distinguishing between anemia due to poor diet and other medical conditions. This study looked at how common and serious iron deficiency from poor diets is around the world, especially when it leads to health problems like anemia. Using data from the 2021 Global Burden of Disease study, estimates were made on how many people are affected and how much it impacts their health and daily life.
This study broke down the results by age, sex, country, and income level across 204 countries and focused specifically on anemia caused by dietary iron deficiency, offering a clearer picture of who is most affected and where interventions are most urgently needed(4).
From 1990 to 2021, the number of people affected by dietary iron deficiency increased which was driven mostly by global population growth. However, the percentage of affected individuals (adjusted for age) declined in many regions, suggesting that public health interventions, such as iron supplementation and food fortification, have had a positive impact(5).
Still, key disparities remain which women (particularly those of reproductive age) consistently experience higher rates of iron deficiency than men.(6)
Infants between 6 and 11 months also face an especially high risk. And people living in low-income countries continue to bear the heaviest burden.
Iron is constantly being used and lost by the body, but some groups have greater demands and turnover. Menstruating women lose iron monthly, and pregnant women require even more to support a developing baby(6).
Without enough dietary iron, these needs often go unmet. In low-income regions, where food variety is limited, iron-rich diets are especially difficult to maintain.
Many households rely on low-cost staples like rice or bread, which offer energy but little iron(7).
Older adults may also face challenges due to reduced appetite, chronic illness, or poor nutrient absorption, which can all impact iron intake and availability.
The global response has included a range of strategies: fortifying flour with iron, distributing supplements to pregnant women and children, and improving nutrition programs. These efforts have contributed to modest improvements in many countries.
However, recent global events (e.g., COVID-19 pandemic, climate change, and geopolitical conflicts) have disrupted food supply chains, reduced crop yields, and driven up food prices. As a result, many families, particularly in low-income settings, have found it even harder to access iron-rich foods(8).
But even in tough conditions, small, smart changes to how we eat can make a big difference.
It’s easy to overlook the early signs of iron deficiency. But your body usually gives you clues if you know what to look for.
Iron deficiency doesn’t always scream 'You need more iron!', so if you’re not paying attention, you’ll write off the symptoms as stress, poor sleep, or just “getting older.” But your body might be telling you something more specific.
Here are some common signs that your iron levels could be low:
If a few of these sound familiar, get tested. A simple blood test can confirm if you’re iron deficient and help guide the right treatment, whether that’s food, supplements, or both.
Your body absorbs iron in two forms:
Heme iron is absorbed more efficiently, but with the right food pairings, you can dramatically boost how much non-heme iron your body uses too, so getting enough iron means you need to eat smart. Here’s how to build an iron-strong plate without overthinking it.
If you eat animal products try to include these regularly:
PRO TIP: Cooking meat in a cast iron skillet can increase the iron content of your meal.
Non-heme iron isn’t absorbed as easily, but pairing it with vitamin C-rich foods can significantly increase uptake. Here’s how to win the combo game.
Smart plant-based choices:
Pair with Vitamin C:
Example food combo:
Some common foods and habits reduce iron absorption, especially for non-heme iron:
You don’t have to cut them out, just space them out. For example, have your morning coffee an hour before or after breakfast, not with it.
If your iron levels are low (especially during pregnancy or heavy periods), supplements can help, but they’re not a DIY fix. Too much iron can cause other problems.
Always test before you supplement, and talk to a doctor about dosage.
Reducing iron deficiency takes more than one solution. A mix of practical, scalable interventions can make a real difference(4):
For instance, studies show that prenatal iron supplements can cut the risk of anemia by up to 70%(9). Yet access remains a barrier for many, especially in rural or under-served areas.
Global health leaders have set ambitious targets and The World Health Organization aims to reduce anemia among women of reproductive age by 50% by 2025. But progress has been slow.
The burden remains especially high in parts of Africa, South Asia, and other low-resource regions(7).
This latest research offers more than just numbers; it helps pinpoint the groups most at risk, allowing governments and organizations to focus resources where they’re needed most.
Iron deficiency continues to affect roughly 17% of people worldwide. It disproportionately harms women, children, and those living in poverty. But it is also one of the most solvable nutrition problems we face.
With coordinated action and meaningful collaboration through better diets, smarter policy, and equitable access to supplements and fortified foods; millions of lives can be improved.
Preventing fatigue or illness is the bare minimum. The long-term goal is to give people, especially kids, a healthy foundation so they can grow, thrive, and reach their full potential.
References:
1. Ferrari AJ, Santomauro DF, Aali A, et al: Global incidence, prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 371 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. The Lancet 403:2133-2161, 2024
2. Stevens GA, Finucane MM, De-Regil LM, et al: Global, regional, and national trends in haemoglobin concentration and prevalence of total and severe anaemia in children and pregnant and non-pregnant women for 1995-2011: a systematic analysis of population-representative data. Lancet Glob Health 1:e16-25, 2013
3. Kinyoki D, Osgood-Zimmerman AE, Bhattacharjee NV, et al: Anemia prevalence in women of reproductive age in low- and middle-income countries between 2000 and 2018. Nat Med 27:1761-1782, 2021
4. Lee S, Son Y, Hwang J, et al: Global, regional and national burden of dietary iron deficiency from 1990 to 2021: a Global Burden of Disease study. Nature Medicine 31:1809-1829, 2025
5. Pasricha SR, Gheorghe A, Sakr-Ashour F, et al: Net benefit and cost-effectiveness of universal iron-containing multiple micronutrient powders for young children in 78 countries: a microsimulation study. Lancet Glob Health 8:e1071-e1080, 2020
6. Munro MG, Mast AE, Powers JM, et al: The relationship between heavy menstrual bleeding, iron deficiency, and iron deficiency anemia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 229:1-9, 2023
7. Daru J: Sustainable Development Goals for anaemia: 20 years later, where are we now? Lancet Glob Health 10:e586-e587, 2022
8. Bai Y, Costlow L, Ebel A, et al: Retail prices of nutritious food rose more in countries with higher COVID-19 case counts. Nat Food 3:325-330, 2022
9. Peña-Rosas JP, De-Regil LM, Garcia-Casal MN, et al: Daily oral iron supplementation during pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015:Cd004736, 2015
